Friday 27 July 2012

Pointers in C


What is pointer in c programming?


Explain pointers in c

Pointer is a user defined data type which creates special types of variables which can hold the address of primitive data type like char, int, float, double or user defined data type like function, pointer etc. or derived data type like array, structure, union, enum.
Examples:

int *ptr;
int (*ptr)();
int (*ptr)[2];

In c programming every variable keeps two type of value.
1. Contain of variable or value of variable.
2. Address of variable where it has stored in the memory.

(1) Meaning of following simple pointer declaration and definition:
int a=5;
int * ptr;
ptr=&a;

Explanation:

About variable a:
1. Name of variable : a
2. Value of variable which it keeps: 5
3. Address where it has stored in memory : 1025 (assume)

About variable ptr:
4. Name of variable : ptr
5. Value of variable which it keeps: 1025
6. Address where it has stored in memory : 5000 (assume)

Pictorial representation:



Note: A variable where it will be stored in memory is decided by operating system. We cannot guess at which location a particular variable will be stored in memory.

(2) Meaning of following pointer declaration and definition:
int a=50;
int *ptr1;
int **ptr2;
ptr1=&a;
ptr2=&pt1;

Explanation: 

About variable a:
1. Name of variable : a
2. Value of variable which it keeps: 50
3. Address where it has stored in memory : 5000 (assume)

About variable ptr1:
4. Name of variable : ptr1
5. Value of variable which it keeps: 5000
6. Address where it has stored in memory : 9000 (assume)

About variable ptr2:
7. Name of variable : ptr2
8. Value of variable which it keeps: 9000
9. Address where it has stored in memory : 9555 (assume)

Pictorial representation of above pointer declaration and definition:


Note:
* is known as indirection operator which gives content of any variable.
& is known as reference operator which gives address where variable has stored in memory.

Cancellation rule of above two operators:
* and & operators always cancel to each other i.e.
*&p=p

But it is not right to write:
&*p=p

Simple example:

What will be output of following c program?
#include
int main(){

    int x=25;
    int *ptr=&x; //statement one
    int **temp=&ptr; //statement two
    printf(“%d %d %d”.x.*ptr,**temp);
    return 0;
}

Output: 25 25 25
Explanation:
As we know value of variable x is 25.

*ptr= *(&x) //from statement one
=*&x
=x //using cancellation rule
=25

**temp= **(&ptr)=*(*&ptr)=*ptr=*(&x)=*&x=x=25

Definition of pointer
How to read complex pointer
Arithmetic operation with pointer
Pointer to function
Pointer to array of function
Pointer to array of string
Pointer to structure
pointer to union
Multi level pointer
Pointer to array of pointer to string
Pointer to three dimentional array
Pointer to two dimensional array
Sorting of array using pointer
Pointer to array of array
Pointer to array of union
Pointer to array of structure
Pointer to array of character
Pointer to array of integer
Complex pointer
Generic pointer
Null pointer
Wild pointer
Dangling pointer
Near pointer
Far pointer
Graphics video memory
Text video memory
Huge pointer
Memory model in C
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Printf function


Printf function questions and answer with solution 

 

Printf objective types interview questions and answers  


(1)
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a=5,b=6,c=11;
clrscr();
printf("%d %d %d");
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)Garbage value garbage value garbage value
(b)5 6 11
(c)11 6 5
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (c)
(2)
#include
void main()
{
char *str="CQUESTIONBANK";
clrscr();
printf(str+9);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)CQESTIONBANK
(b)CQUESTION
(c)BANK
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (c)
(3)
#include
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("%d",printf("CQUESTIONBANK"));
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)13CQUESTIONBANK
(b)CQUESTIONBANK13
(c)Garbage CQUESTIONBANK
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (b)
(4)
#include
#include
void main()
{
short int a=5;
clrscr();
printf("%d"+1,a);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)6
(b)51
(c)d
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (c)
(5)
#include
void main()
{
int i=85;
clrscr();
printf("%p %Fp",i,i);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)85 85
(b)0055 034E:0055
(c)0055 FFFF:0055
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (b)
 (6)
#include
static struct student
{
int a;
    int b;
    int c;
int d;
}s1={6,7,8,9},s2={4,3,2,1},s3;
void main()
{
s3=s1+s2;
clrscr();
printf("%d %d %d %d",s3.a,s3.b,s3.c,s3.d);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)6789
(b)4321
(c)10101010
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (d)
(7)
#include
extern struct student
{
int a;
    int b;
    int c;
int d;
}s={6,7,8,9};
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("%d %d %d %d",s.a,s.b,s.c,s.d);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)6789
(b)9876
(c)0000
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (a)
(8)
#include
struct student
{
static int a;
register int b;
auto int c;
extern int d;
}s={6,7,8,9};
void main()
{
printf("%d %d % %d",s.a,s.b,s.c,s.d);
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)6789
(b)9876
(c)0000
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (d)
(9)
#include
struct student
{
int roll;
int cgpa;
int sgpa[8];
};
void main()
{
struct student s={12,8,7,2,5,9};
int *ptr;
ptr=(int *)&s;
clrscr();
printf("%d",*(ptr+3));
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)8
(b)7
(c)2
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (c)
(10)
#include
struct game
{
int level;
int score;
struct player
{
char *name;
}g2={"anil"};
}g3={10,200};
void main()
{
struct game g1=g3;
clrscr();
printf("%d  %d  %s",g1.level,g1.score,g1.g2.name);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)10 200 anil
(b)200 10 anil
(c)10 200 null
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (d)
(11)
#include
struct game
{
int level;
int score;
struct player
{
char *name;
}g2;
}g1;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("%d  %d  %s",g1.level,g1.score,g1.g2.name);
getch();
}
What will output when you compile and run the above code?
(a)Garbage_value garbage_value garbage_value
(b)0 0 (null)
(c)Run time error
(d)Compiler error
Answer: (b)

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